From the basal stems of the inoculated plants, the re-isolated fungus was confirmed, phenotypically and molecularly, to be F. pseudograminearum. Fungal species F. pseudograminearum has been identified as a potential cause of crown rot disease in oat crops of Tunisia, as detailed in Chekali et al.'s 2019 publication. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented instance of F. pseudograminearum causing crown rot in oat crops in China. The basis for diagnosing oat root rot pathogens and managing the associated disease is outlined in this study.

Throughout California's strawberry industry, the occurrence of Fusarium wilt is pervasive, resulting in substantial yield reductions. Cultivars possessing the FW1 gene, resistant to Fusarium wilt, were shielded from the effects of all Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strains. California's fragariae (Fof) exhibited race 1 characteristics (i.e., avirulence to FW1-resistant cultivars), as documented by Henry et al. (2017), Pincot et al. (2018), and Henry et al. (2021). The summer-planted, organic strawberry field in Oxnard, California, exhibited severe wilt disease in the fall of 2022. Wilting foliage, deformed and severely chlorotic leaves, and discoloration of the crown were commonly observed as symptoms of Fusarium wilt. The field was sown with Portola, a cultivar of FW1 gene endowment, that boasts resistance to Fof race 1 (Pincot et al. 2018; Henry et al. 2021). Two samples, each comprising four plants, were gathered from two separate spots in the field. Each sample's crown extract was assessed for the presence of Fof, Macrophomina phaseolina, Verticillium dahliae, and Phytophthora species. Steele et al. (2022) employed recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), a technique for. A 2-minute exposure to a 1% sodium hypochlorite solution was used to sterilize the surfaces of the petioles, followed by their inoculation onto Komada's medium, to encourage the growth of Fusarium species. As documented by Henry et al. (2021) and Komada (1975),. Positive results for M. phaseolina emerged from one RPA sample, whereas the other sample yielded negative results for all four pathogens. Both samples' petioles displayed a profuse growth of salmon-colored, fluffy mycelia. The colony's morphology with non-septate, ellipsoidal microconidia, (60-13 µm by 28-40 µm), borne on monophialides, strongly suggested a resemblance to the morphology of F. oxysporum. The process of isolating single genotypes from fourteen cultures (P1-P14) employed the method of single hyphal tip isolation. None of the pure cultures yielded amplification signals in the Fof-specific qPCR (Burkhardt et al., 2019), aligning with the negative result from the RPA test. AGI-24512 Using EF1/EF2 primers (O'Donnell et al., 1998), three isolates were subjected to amplification of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1α) gene. Through BLAST analysis of sequenced amplicons (GenBank OQ183721), a 100% identical match was found to an isolate of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Melongenae is referenced in GenBank as FJ985297. This sequence displayed a difference in at least one nucleotide compared to all previously documented Fof race 1 strains, according to Henry et al. (2021). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on Fronteras (FW1) and Monterey (fw1), a variety susceptible to race 1, involving five isolates (P2, P3, P6, P12, and P13), as well as a control isolate from Fof race 1, GL1315. Five plants per isolate cultivar combination were inoculated, either by submerging their roots in a solution of 5 × 10⁶ conidia per milliliter of 0.1% water agar or in sterile 0.1% water agar, and then grown as described by Jenner and Henry (2022). Six weeks later, the non-inoculated control plants showed no signs of illness, in stark contrast to the severely wilted state of the plants of both inoculated cultivars exposed to the five isolates. The petiole assays demonstrated colonies that were visually indistinguishable from the inoculated isolates. Wilt symptoms were apparent in Monterey, following inoculation with race 1, but absent in the Fronteras group of plants. The same outcomes were observed when the experiment was replicated on a different FW1 cultivar, San Andreas, using P2, P3, P12, and P13. As far as we are aware, this is the first published account detailing F. oxysporum f. sp. California is home to the fragariae race 2. The escalating losses from Fusarium wilt are anticipated to persist until commercially viable cultivars possessing genetic resistance to this specific Fof race 2 strain are introduced.

Montenegro's commercial cultivation of hazelnuts is a small but steadily increasing sector. In June 2021, a severe infection, impacting over eighty percent of the trees, was observed on six-year-old Hall's Giant hazelnut plants (Corylus avellana) in a 0.3 hectare plantation near Cetinje, central Montenegro. Disseminated across the leaf surfaces were numerous small, necrotic spots, irregular in shape and approximately 2-3 mm in diameter, exhibiting a brown discoloration. Weak chlorotic halos were occasionally present. The progression of the disease witnessed the coalescence of lesions, leading to substantial necrotic expanses. Remaining firmly attached to the twigs were necrotic leaves. AGI-24512 Dieback afflicted twigs and branches exhibiting longitudinal brown lesions. Necrotic, unopened buds were observed, too. The orchard's harvest, unfortunately, lacked any fruits. Yellow, convex, and mucoid bacterial colonies were isolated from diseased leaf, bud, and twig bark tissue on a yeast extract dextrose CaCO3 medium. Fourteen isolates were then chosen for further subculture procedures. The isolates' impact on Pelargonium zonale leaves manifested as hypersensitive reactions. These isolates, displaying Gram-negative, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, and obligate aerobic properties, were capable of hydrolyzing starch, gelatin, and esculin. However, they did not reduce nitrate or exhibit growth at 37°C or in 5% NaCl, a biochemical profile characteristic of the reference strain Xanthomonas arboricola pv. The NCPPB 3037 designation, pertaining to corylina (Xac), is a matter of record. A 402 base pair product was amplified from all 14 isolates and the reference strain using the primer pair XarbQ-F/XarbQ-R (Pothier et al., 2011), indicative of their belonging to the X. arboricola species. The identification of the isolates was further refined by PCR analysis, using the primer pair XapY17-F/XapY17-R (Pagani 2004; Pothier et al., 2011), which produced a single 943 bp band that is specifically attributed to Xac. Using a set of primers described by Hajri et al. in 2012, the partial rpoD gene sequence was amplified and sequenced for the two isolates, RKFB 1375 and RKFB 1370. The isolates (GenBank Nos. ——), after DNA sequencing, showed the following genetic characteristics. The rpoD sequence of strains OQ271224 and OQ271225 shows a similarity ranging from 9947% to 9992% to that of Xac strains CP0766191 and HG9923421, isolated from hazelnut in France, and HG9923411, isolated from hazelnut in the United States. The pathogenicity of all collected isolates was confirmed via the application of a spray to young shoots (20-30 cm long, with 5-7 leaves) on 2-year-old potted hazelnut plants (cultivar). AGI-24512 Hall's Giant was sprayed with a bacterial suspension (108 CFU/mL of sterile tap water) using a handheld sprayer, in triplicate. Sterile distilled water (SDW) was used as the negative control, and the NCPPB 3037 Xac strain was designated as the positive control. For 72 hours, inoculated shoots were cultivated within a humidity-controlled greenhouse at 22-26°C, enclosed in plastic sheeting. Leaves from all inoculated shoots displayed lesions surrounded by a halo within 5 to 6 weeks following inoculation. Conversely, leaves sprayed with SDW remained without symptoms. Following the re-isolation of the pathogen from necrotic test plant tissue, its identity was verified using PCR with the primer set from Pothier et al. (2011), thereby corroborating Koch's postulates. Isolate identification from hazelnut plants in Montenegro, based on pathogenic, biochemical, and molecular analysis, indicated X. arboricola pv. Corylina, an enchanting sight to behold, takes center stage. This report details the first observation of Xac affecting hazelnut cultivation in this country. Favorable environmental factors can allow the pathogen to cause substantial economic damage to hazelnut production in Montenegro. In this vein, phytosanitary steps need to be undertaken to forestall the entry and spreading of the pathogen into other regions.

In horticulture, the spider flower (Tarenaya (Cleome) hassleriana (Chodat) Iltis, Cleomaceae), an outstanding ornamental landscape plant, is remarkable for its extensive flowering period (Parma et al. 2022). Spider flower plants in the Shenzhen public garden (located at 2235N, 11356E) displayed severe powdery mildew symptoms during May 2020 and April 2021. The infection rate among the plant specimens reached approximately 60%, marked by irregular white patches appearing on the adaxial side of diseased leaves, spanning the entire spectrum of leaf maturity. In cases of severe infection, infected leaves exhibited premature drying and defoliation. Upon microscopic scrutiny of the mycelia, irregularly lobed hyphal appressoria were evident. Conidiophores (n = 30) were 6565-9211 meters long, straight, unbranched, and cellular in structure, consisting of two to three cells. Conidia, positioned singly on conidiophores, presented a cylindrical to oblong shape, with dimensions spanning 3215-4260 µm by 1488-1843 µm (mean 3826 by 1689, n=50), exhibiting no apparent fibrosin bodies. No chasmothecia were detected in the study. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and 28S rDNA were respectively amplified using the ITS1/ITS5 and NL1/NL4 primer pairs. The representative ITS and 28S rDNA sequences are identified by their GenBank accession numbers. Sequences MW879365 (ITS) and MW879435 (28S rDNA), when analyzed using BLASTN, demonstrated complete 100% identity with GenBank entries for Erysiphe cruciferarum, as indicated by the accession numbers.